Public Broadcasting

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Public broadcasting is a form of public service broadcasting (PSB) intended to serve the diverse needs of the viewing or listening public. Except for the United States, it has traditionally been the dominant form of broadcasting in much of the world.

It is a system in which radio, television, and potentially other electronic mass media outlets receive some or all of their funding from the public. The broadcasters' funds can come directly from individuals through voluntary donations, license fees, or indirectly as state subsidy (which may be funded through a specific taxes, such as a television licence). Many public broadcasters supplement this with contributions from corporations, in return for underwriting spots. While these announcements resemble traditional advertisements on commercial broadcasting stations, there are usually limitations, such as a prohibition of making product claims, stating prices, or providing an incentive to buy.

Commercial broadcasting now occurs in many countries around the world, and the number of countries with only public broadcasting has declined substantially. The mass media marketplace is tremendously competitive, and as such, it can be difficult for a public service broadcaster to survive amongst commercial interests. This may become even more of an issue with the increased number of channels that digital broadcasting provides.

Defining public broadcasting There is no standard definition of what public broadcasting is exactly, although a number of official bodies have attempted to pick out the key characteristics. Public service broadcasters generally transmit programming that aims to improve society by informing viewers. In contrast, the aim of commercial outlets is to provide popular shows that attract an audience—therefore leading to higher prices when advertising is sold. For this reason, the ideals of public broadcasting are often incompatible with commercial goals. Of course, public broadcasters also strive to entertain their viewers, but they can still come across as being overly paternalistic in nature.

The Broadcasting Research Unit lists the following as major goals or characteristics of a public broadcaster:

Geographic universality — The stations' broadcasts are available nationwide, with no exception. This criterion is failed by Five (channel) in the UK, which a substantial minority of the population cannot receive. Generally, the "nationwide" criterion is satisfied by either having member stations across the country (as is the case with PBS in the United States) or, as is the case with most other public broadcasters around the world, the broadcaster owning sufficient transmitters to broadcast nationwide.

Catering for all interests and tastes — as exemplified by the BBC's range of minority channels (BBC Two, BBC Radio 3, etc.).

Catering for minorities — much as above, but with racial and linguistic minorities. (for example S4C in Wales, BBC Asian Network, Radio-Canada, Australia's Special Broadcasting Service).

Concern for national identity and community — this essentially means that the stations should in the most part commission programmes from within the country, which may be more expensive than importing shows from abroad.

Detachment from vested interests and government — in other words, programming should be impartial, and the stations should not be subject to control by advertisers or government. Even when a station is removed from corporate and government interests, critics argue that it may nonetheless have a bias towards the values of certain groups (e.g., the middle class, leftist politics, etc.).

One broadcasting system to be directly funded by the corpus of users — For example, the Television licence in the case of the BBC, or member stations asking for donations in the case of the US's PBS/NPR.

Competition in good programming rather than numbers — quality is the prime concern with a true public service broadcaster. Of course, in practice, ratings wars are rarely concerned with quality, although that may depend on how you define the word "quality".

Guidelines to liberate programme makers and not restrict them — in the UK, guidelines, and not laws, govern what a programme maker can and cannot do, although these guidelines can be backed up by hefty penalties.

Some of these definition points may not be acceptable everywhere. For example in the United States public broadcasting may see part of its mission to bring in foreign shows, e.g. shows from the CBC/Radio-Canada or the BBC.

An alternative model for implementing public service media exists, known as Citizen Media. As it relates to broadcasting, this generally means a radio or television outlet which has some sort of public access, that is, most or much of the programming is created by members of the public which receives the programming. This can be in the form of community radio, campus radio, and public access television, although the latter is not a form of over-the-air broadcasting, as it is only available on cable television systems.

Advantages and disadvantages Public broadcasters may receive all or a substantial part of their funding from government sources, either from the general tax revenues or from licence fees. Since public broadcasters do not rely on advertising as a source of revenue to the same degree as commercial broadcasters, this allows public broadcasters to air programs that are less saleable to the mass market, such as public affairs shows, documentaries, and educational programs. The fact that public broadcasters do not chase ratings in the same way as commercial broadcasters often leads to the criticism that they are unresponsive to what their viewers want.

Additionally, public broadcasting facilitates the implementation of cultural policy (an industrial policy and investment policy for culture). Some examples include:

The Canadian government is committed to Canadian official bilingualism (English and French). As a result, the public broadcaster, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation employs translators and journalists who speak both official languages and it encourages production of cross-cultural material. Pequistes argue that this is also a policy of cultural imperialism and assimilation.
In the United Kingdom, the BBC supports multiculturalism and diversity, in part by using on-screen commentators and hosts of different ethnic origins.
In New Zealand, the public broadcasting system provides support to Maori (native New Zealander) broadcasting, as a way to improve the opportunities, maintain the cultural heritage and promote the language of these New Zealanders.

Critics of public broadcasting systems argue that this implementation of cultural policy imposes the values of the public broadcaster on the populace. However, it can also be argued that commercial broadcasting has a bias for certain values or cultural forms, such as pop culture, militarism, culture bias, and consumerism.

Public broadcasting, and also some pirate broadcasting, provides a counterweight to the commercial media. Advocates of deliberative democracy argue that public broadcasting helps to maintain modern democracies, since public broadcasters can engage in journalism for its own sake. In wealthier countries public broadcasters tend to not be beholden to political parties or the government of the day. This is especially true where the broadcaster is funded by licensing fees and so, theoretically, not dependent on the government for any of its funding.

Implementation of public broadcasting around the world The model, established in the 1920s, of the British Broadcasting Corporation – an organization widely trusted, even by citizens of the Axis Powers during World War II – was widely emulated throughout Europe, the British Empire, and later the Commonwealth of Nations. The public broadcasters in a number of countries are basically an application of the model used in Britain.

Modern public broadcasting is often a mixed commercial model. For example, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation has always relied on a subsidy from general revenues of the government, in addition to advertising revenue, to support its television service. This means they must compete with commercial broadcasting. Some argue that this dilutes their mandate as truly public broadcasters, who have no commercial bias to distort their presentation.

The rest of this section looks at some specific implementations of public broadcasting around the world.

Asia Pakistan In Pakistan, the public broadcaster is the state owned PBC which is short for "Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation".It consists of PTV (Pakistan Television) and Radio Pakistan. In the past PBC was funded publicly through money obtained from television, radio and VCR licensing. Pakistan entered into Television Broadcasting age with a small pilot TV Station established at Lahore from where transmission was first beamed in Black & White with effect from 26 November 1964. Television centres were established in Dhaka, Karachi and Rawalpindi/Islamabad in 1967 and in Peshawar and Quetta in 1974. PTV has various channels trasmitting throughout the world including PTV National, PTV World, PTV 2, PTV Global, PTV Bolan etc. Radio Pakistan has stations covering all the major cities, it covers 80% of the country serving 95.5 Million listeners. It has world service in 07 languages daily.

Hong Kong In Hong Kong, the Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK) is the sole public service broadcaster. Although a government department under administrative hierarchy, it enjoys editorial independence, and its director is promoted from within the department. It operates seven radio channels, and produces television programmes and broadcast on commercial television channels, as these channels are required by law to provide time slot for RTHK television programmes.

Japan In Japan, the main public broadcaster is the national NHK (Japan Broadcasting Corporation) , sometimes informally referred to as Radio Tokyo by English speakers. The broadcaster was set up in 1926 and was modelled on the British Broadcasting Company, the precursor to the British Broadcasting Corporation created in 1927. Much like the BBC, NHK is funded by a "receiving fee" by every Japanese household, with no commercial advertising and the maintenance of a position of strict political impartiality. NHK runs two national terrestrial TV stations (NHK General and NHK Educational) and three satellite only services (NHK BS-1, BS-2 and the hi-definition NHK Hi-Vision services). NHK also runs 3 national radio services and a number of international radio and television services, akin to the BBC World Service. NHK has also been an innovator in television, developing the world's first High definition TV technology in 1964 and launching high definition services in Japan in 1981.

Malaysia In Malaysia, the public broadcaster is the state owned Radio Televisyen Malaysia which is short for "Radio Televisyen Malaysia" (Malaysian Radio and Television).RTM was previously funded publicly through money obtained from Television licence, however it is currently state subsidised as television licences has been abolished.

At present, RTM operates 8 national, 16 state and 7 district radio stations as well as 2 national terrestrial television channels called RTM1 and RTM2. RTM is also currently doing tests on a new digital television channel called RTMi. Tests involving 2000 residential homes in the Klang Valley began in September 2006 and is expected to be complete by March 2007.

Europe In most countries in Europe, state broadcasters are funded through a mix of advertising and public money, either through a licence fee or directly from the government.

Germany Following World War II, when regional broadcasters had been merged into one national network by the Nazis to create a powerful means of propaganda, the Allies insisted on a de-centralized, independent structure for German public broadcasting and created regional public broadcasting agencies that, by and large, still exist today. In addition to these nine regional radio and TV broadcasters, which cooperate within ARD (broadcaster), a second national television service (ZDF) was later created in 1961 and a national radio service with two networks (Deutschlandradio) emerged from the remains of Cold War propaganda stations in 1994. All services are mainly financed through license fees paid by everybody who keeps a radio or TV set "ready for use", and are governed by councils of representatives of the "society relevant groups". Public TV and radio stations spend about 60 % of the ~10 Bil. € spent altogether for broadcasting in Germany per year.

Netherlands In the Netherlands a different system is used to most other countries. Public-broadcasting associations are allocated money and time to broadcast their programmes on the publicly owned television and radio channels. The time and money is allocated in proportion to their membership numbers. The system is intended to reflect the diversity of all the groups composing the nation.

United Kingdom The United Kingdom has a strong tradition of public service broadcasting. In addition to the British Broadcasting Corporation, there is also Channel 4, a state-owned commercial public service broadcaster, and S4C, a Welsh language broadcaster in Wales. Furthermore, the two commercial analogue broadcasters ITV and Five (channel) also have significant public service obligations imposed as part of their licence to broadcast.

North America Canada In Canada, the main public broadcaster is the national Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation), which operates two television networks (CBC Television and Télévision de Radio-Canada), four radio networks (CBC Radio One, CBC Radio Two, La Première Chaîne and Espace musique) and two 24-hour news channels (CBC Newsworld and Réseau de l'information) in both of Canada's official languages. CBC's television operations are funded in part by advertisements, in addition to tax dollars from the federal government (Newsworld and RDI are funded entirely by commercials). CBC's radio operations are commercial-free. In recent years, the CBC was frequently battered by budget cuts and labour disputes.

In addition, several provinces operate public broadcasters; these are not CBC subentities, but distinct networks in their own right. These include the English-language TVOntario and the French-language TFO in Ontario, Télé-Québec in Quebec, Saskatchewan Communications Network in Saskatchewan, public radio station CKUA in Alberta, and Knowledge Network in British Columbia. Some of the provincial broadcasters operate through conventional transmitters, while others are cable-only channels.

Alberta also has a semi-public television network, CJAL, which is licensed to provide some public service programming but is owned and operated by a commercial broadcaster. The network, formerly a public broadcaster operated by the provincial government, was sold to CHUM Limited in 1995. CJRT-FM in Toronto also operated as a public government-owned radio station for many years; while no longer funded by the provincial government, it still solicits most of its budget from listener and corporate donations and is permitted to air only a very small amount of commercial advertising. One television station, CFTU-TV in Montreal, operates as an educational station owned by the Université de Montréal. Some other universities have dedicated cable channels to broadcast educational programming, but no other university in Canada operates a conventional broadcast television station.

Some local community stations also operate non-commercially with funding from corporate and individual donors. In addition, cable companies are required to produce a local community channel in each licensed market. Such channels have traditionally aired community talk shows, city council meetings and other locally oriented programming, although it is becoming increasingly common for them to adopt the format and branding of a local news channel.

Canada also has a large number of campus radio and community radio stations.

United States hosted an important meeting of the National Association of Educational Broadcasters in the 1940s that spawned both PBS and NPR.Public broadcasting in the United States is as old as broadcasting itself. Most early public stations were operated by state colleges and universities, and were often run as part of the schools' cooperative extension services. Stations in this era were internally funded, and did not rely on listener contributions to operate; some accepted advertising. Networks such as Iowa Public Radio, South Dakota Public Broadcasting, and Wisconsin Public Radio began in this way.

The concept of a "non-commercial, educational" station per se does not show up in U.S. law until the 1940s, when the FM band was moved to its present location; the part of the band between 88.1 and 91.9 megahertz is reserved for such stations, though they are not limited to those frequencies. Educational television, the forerunner of modern U.S. public television, evolved in big cities in the 1950s; in rural areas, it was not uncommon for colleges to operate commercial stations instead (e.g., the University of Missouri's KOMU-TV, an NBC affiliate).

In the United States, public broadcasting is decentralized and is not government operated, but does receive some government support. The majority of funding comes from community support to hundreds of public radio and public television stations, each of which is an individual entity licensed to one of several different non-profit organizations, municipal or state governments, or universities. These organizations often produce their own programs, but many largely depend upon national producers and program distributors such as National Public Radio (NPR), Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), Public Radio International (PRI), American Public Television (APT), and American Public Media. U.S. government support is filtered through a separate organization, the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB).

Television In the United States the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) (formerly National Educational Television) television network operates on a largely viewer-supported basis (see telethon), with commercial sponsors of specific programs. Over time, sponsorship announcements ("underwriting") have slowly transformed into something resembling regular TV advertisements, though they are usually shorter and have a more muted tone than what normally appears on commercial and cable TV, and many organizations still only receive a short thanks for their contributions. Underwriting may only issue declarative statements (including slogans) and may not include "calls to action". Most communities also have public access services on local cable television stations, which are sometimes supported in part through donations.

US public broadcasting for television has, from the late 1960s onward, dealt with severe criticism from conservative politicians and think-tanks, which allege that its programming has a leftist bias. In contrast to European public broadcasting systems, which tend to dominate their national marketplaces, US public broadcasting is, and has always been, a niche service that provides programming not found elsewhere on the system, such as cultural programs, documentaries, and public affairs shows.

Radio The first publicly funded radio station in the United States was KPFA of the Pacifica Radio in Berkeley, California, founded by pacifists Lewis Hill and John Lewis in 1946. Pacifica now operates five stations - Berkeley; Los Angeles; Houston, Texas; Washington, D.C.; and New York City, and distributes syndicated programming via satellite to affiliates.

A public radio network, National Public Radio (NPR), was created in 1970, following the passage of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 which established the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. This network (generally exclusive of Pacifica) is colloquially though inaccurately referred to as Public Radio. Independent local public radio stations buy their programming from distributors such as NPR; Public Radio International (PRI); American Public Media (APM); The Public Radio Exchange (PRX); and Pacifica, most often distributed through the Public Radio Satellite System ( PRSS). Around these distributed programs, stations fill varying amounts of local programming.

Public radio stations in the U.S. tend to broadcast a mixture of news and talk radio programming along with some music. Some of the larger operations split off these formats into separate stations or networks. Public music stations are probably best known for playing European classical music, although other formats have been used, including the time-honored "eclectic" music format that is rather freeform (radio format) in nature (common among Campus radio stations; jazz is another public radio programming staple. Also, XM Satellite Radio provides a station of public radio programs licensed from all three content providers.

Local stations derive most of the funding for their operations through regular pledge drives and corporate sponsorship (euphemistically termed "underwriting" on-air). The local stations then contract with program distributors and also provide some programming themselves. NPR produces some of its own programming such as Morning Edition; Weekend Edition; and All Things Considered. PBS and PRI, by contrast, do not create their own content. NPR also receives some direct funding from private donors, foundations, and from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. Some other public networks, such as Pacifica, are almost entirely member-funded and do not receive significant sponsorship from corporations or governmental sources.

Oceania Australia In Australia, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) is funded entirely through an Government of Australia grant-in-aid, which has made it vulnerable to cuts in government spending. The multicultural Special Broadcasting Service (SBS), another public broadcaster, now accepts limited sponsorship and advertising. Imparja is an Aboriginal community broadcaster in Australia that receives funding from the Federal Government. Most of its programs are bought from Australia's commercial broadcasters, and it only airs a small amount of local content.

In addition, there are a number of community television stations (most operating as Channel 31 despite being unrelated across different states) and radio stations that survive almost entirely on donations and corporate sponsorship. They are organised similarly to PBS and NPR stations in the US, however are much less powerful; largely due to competition from the ABC and SBS. They also take on the role that public access stations have in the US.

New Zealand In New Zealand, the former public broadcaster BCNZ (formerly NZBC) was broken up into separate state-owned corporations, Television New Zealand (TVNZ) and Radio New Zealand (RNZ). While RNZ remains commercial-free, about 90% of funding for TVNZ comes from selling advertising during programmes on their two stations. TVNZ continues to be a public broadcaster; however like CBC Television in Canada it is essentially a fully commercial network in continuous ratings battles with other stations.

Programmes offered on TVNZ include popular shows like Desperate Housewives, ER (TV series), Lost (TV series), Cold Case, and Dancing with the Stars. TVNZ operates two stations: TVONE and TV2 and hold majority ratings in the country. Because of its high ratings some of the most expensive advertising slots in the country are charged.

The Government owns a network of reserved channels for non-commercial regional access broadcasting, and some of them have been awarded to local community trusts to provide public service and access television. Examples are Triangle TV in Auckland and Wellington; and Channel 7 in Taranaki.

Latin America Despite a moderate state presence in television media since the 1970s, Latin America has never had a strong history of European style public service radio or television. The closest model to the British BBC is that of Chile's Televisión Nacional, an open channel which serves the entire country (including Easter Island and Antarctica bases). Televisión Nacional, popularly known as channel 7 because of its Santiago, Chile frequency, is governed by a seven-member board appointed by the Chilean Senate. It is meant to be independent of political pressures, although accusations of bias have been made, especially during election campaigns.

In most Latin American countries, the private sector has taken the leading role in the development of television networks. In opposition, state broadcasters tend to be either very weak and under-funded (as the Argentina Argentina Televisora Color), or to be clearly under the control of the party in power (like Cuban Cubavision International and Venezuelan VTV). Starting from these singularities, commercial broadcasting quickly and effectively conquered its audiences, leaving public and state broadcasting a token role. In some countries, such as Ecuador, where broadcasting was originally legally defined as a commercial venture, a public broadcaster was never born.

Recently, under the initiative of the Venezuelan government of Hugo Chávez, and with the support of the governments of Argentina, Uruguay and Cuba, the public news channel Telesur was created with the declared intent of giving Latin America a continent-wide news channel that can present world news with a Latin American vision and perspective. There is an ongoing debate on whether Telesur will be able become a neutral and fair news channel able to counter the huge influence of American networks like CNN, or whether it will end up as a propaganda tool of the Venezuelan government, which owns a 51 percent share of said channel.

List of public broadcasters North America

Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
Knowledge Network — British Columbia
National Public Radio — United States
Public Broadcasting Service — United States
Public Radio International
Pacifica Radio
Saskatchewan Communications Network
Télé-Québec
TFO — Ontario
TVOntario
CKUA — Alberta
CJRT-FM — Toronto, Ontario
Canal Savoir - Montreal, Quebec
Annenberg/CPB
Create
American Public Media
PRX Public Radio Exchange
WREK - Atlanta, GA, United States

Latin America

Canal 7 Argentina — Argentina (nationwide)
Channel 10 - Tucumán — Tucumán, Argentina
TVN (Chile) — Chile (nationwide)
Señal Colombia — Colombia
Telecaribe — Barranquilla, Colombia
Telepacífico — Western Colombia
Cubavision International — Cuba
Venezolana de Televisión — Venezuela (nationwide)
Televisión Educativa — Venezuela
ViVe — Venezuela
Telesur — Reaches the entire continent. Owned by Venezuela (a 51 percent share), Argentina (20 percent), Cuba (19 percent), and Uruguay (10 percent).

Africa

South African Broadcasting Corporation

Asia

Israel Broadcasting Authority
NHK - (Japan Broadcasting Corporation)
Radio Televisyen Malaysia
Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation
Prasar Bharati - The Broadcasting Corporation of India

All India Radio
Doordarshan

China Central Television
RTHK - (Radio Television Hong Kong)
Korean Broadcasting System - (Korean Broadcasting System)
VTV-(Vietnam television)

Australasia (Oceania)

Australian Broadcasting Corporation
Imparja
Radio New Zealand
Special Broadcasting Service — Australia

Europe

ARD (broadcaster) — working partnership of Germany public-service broadcasters

Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk — Leipzig
Westdeutscher Rundfunk — Cologne
Norddeutscher Rundfunk — Hamburg
Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg — Berlin
Bayerischer Rundfunk — Munich
Südwestrundfunk — Stuttgart
Saarländischer Rundfunk — Saarbrücken
Hessischer Rundfunk — Frankfurt
Radio Bremen — Bremen (city)

Arte — France / Germany
BBC — United Kingdom
Bulgarian National Television — Bulgaria
Belgischer Rundfunk — German-speaking Community of Belgium
BVN — Flanders and Netherlands television
Česká televize — Czech Republic
Channel 4 — United Kingdom
Danmarks Radio — Denmark
Duna TV— Hungary
Elliniki Radiophonia Tileorassi — Greece
Eesti Televisioon — Estonia
France Télévisions
Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation — Gibraltar
Croatian Radiotelevision — Croatia
Lithuanian National Radio and Television — Lithuania
Magyar Televízió — Hungary
Macedonian Radio-Television — Republic of Macedonia
NRK — Norway
ORF (broadcaster) — Austria
Public Broadcasting Services — Malta
Publieke Omroep — Netherlands

BNN (Dutch broadcaster)
Evangelische Omroep
KRO
LLiNK
MAX (broadcaster)
NCRV
TROS
VARA (broadcaster)
VPRO

Rádio e Televisão de Portugal — Portugal
Radio France
RAI — Italy
Rundfunk Anstalt Südtirol — Italy
RTBF — Wallonia, Belgium
RTCG — Montenegro
Radio Telefís Éireann — Ireland
Radio Television of Serbia — Serbia
Radio Televizioni Shqiptar — Albania
RTV Slovenija — Slovenia
RTVE — Spain
RÚV — Iceland
S4C — Wales, United Kingdom
Sjónvarp Føroya — Faroe Islands
SRG SSR idée suisse — Switzerland
Slovenská televízia — Slovakia
Sveriges Radio — Sweden
Sveriges Television — Sweden
Sveriges Utbildningsradio — Sweden
TG4 — Ireland
Telewizja Polska — Poland
Televiziunea Română — Romania
Turkish Radio and Television Corporation — Turkey
Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep — Flanders, Belgium
Yleisradio — Finland
ZDF — Germany